A review of cistanche polysaccharides — distinct from the phenylethanoid glycosides — and their roles in immunomodulation and antioxidant activity. Authors note polysaccharides may explain part of cistanche's traditional "tonifying" reputation.

This study used network pharmacology and an ovariectomized rat model to examine cistanche's effects on bone metabolism. Research suggests cistanche supports bone density via multi-target pathways consistent with its traditional use for "strengthening sinew and bone."

A recent comprehensive review confirming cistanche's "anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory effects." Mechanism analysis traces anti-fatigue activity to modulation ofNF-κB, AMPK, and TLR4 signaling pathways.

This foundational review documents cistanche's "broad medicinal functions, especially for use inhormone regulation, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, antioxidative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-fatigue activities." Phenylethanoid glycosides are identified as the primary bioactive class.